Proteus mirabilis HI4320( Genome)
Proteus mirabilis HI4320, complete genome
Protein coding
"Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis,a master of both adherence and motility."
Sanger: Genome Proteus mirabilis strain HI4320
PFGE method
Organism-------------------Proteus mirabilis
Recommended lysis enzyme:proteinase K
Restriction enzyme---------SfiI,NotI
Approximate no. of---------7–10,6–10
restriction Fragments
Fragments size------------50–700,75–700
range (kb)
General Information
Proteus spp.
Characteristics of Proteus Species.
The genus Proteus includes five species, the most common of which are P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris. Proteus species are commonly found in the environment and as normal flora in the intestinal tract of humans and other animals.
Proteus mirabilis, like other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is a nonspore-forming, facultative anaerobic, gram-negative bacillus.
Proteus has fimbriae, which facilitate attachment to uroepithelium, and flagellae,which provide the motility required for ascending infection.
Proteus also has the ability to transform from a single cell form to a multicell elongated (swarmer) form. The swarmer cells are more likely to be associated with cellular adherence in the kidney as demonstrated in an animal model of infection.
Hemolysin, which induces cell damage by forming pores, may also play a role in establishment of pyelonephritis.
Diagnosis of a UTI is initially by the urinalysis followed by a culture.
Proteus is easily identified on a MacConkey agar plate as a clear colony (nonlactose fermenter). The obvious swarm seen on blood agar would indicate a Proteus species.
P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris would be indole positivity in the latter.
Proteus species are usually among the most susceptible genera of all of the Enterobacteriaceae, most susceptible to penicillin, although it is not uncommon for them to be resistant to tetracyclines.
Proteus vulgaris, however, tends to be resistant to more antimicrobials than P. mirabilis.
Proteus species produce infections in humans only when the bacteria leave the intestinal tract. They are found in UTIs and produce bacteremia, pneumonia, and focal lesions in debilitated
patients or those receiving intravenous infusions.
Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of UTI. Proteus species produce urease, making urine alkaline and promoting stone formation. The rapid motility of these organisms is evidenced by “swarming” a thin film of organisms over the entire agar plate.
Proteus species produce a urease, which hydrolyzes urealeading to ammonia, which alkalinizes the urine (leading to a higher pH).
Both proteus and E. coli are gram-negative rod bacilli.
patients or those receiving intravenous infusions.
Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of UTI. Proteus species produce urease, making urine alkaline and promoting stone formation. The rapid motility of these organisms is evidenced by “swarming” a thin film of organisms over the entire agar plate.
Proteus species produce a urease, which hydrolyzes urealeading to ammonia, which alkalinizes the urine (leading to a higher pH).
Both proteus and E. coli are gram-negative rod bacilli.
